Enhance the efficient use of water through improved management and advanced irrigationtechnologies

Develop new irrigation water systems to deliver water to crops in times of water shortages and stress

Application of irrigation water during drought-sensitive growth stages of a crop. Outside these periods, irrigation is limited or even unnecessary if rainfall provides a minimum supply of water. Water restriction is limited to drought-tolerant phenological stages, often the vegetative stages and the late ripening period.

Dams, troughs or other built infrastructure to supply water to livestock to ensure they have sufficient water during drought.

Use livestock breeds that are able to survive with less water. May involve cross-breeding with local anmal species that are more tolerant to drought.

Drought tolerant crops are species which can survive for long periods of time with little amounts or no water.

Applying appropriate rates of fertiliser given available soil water, rainfall and crop nutrient requirements

Leaving crop residues in situ to cover the soil and reduce water loss from evaporation

Sand dams are a simple, low-cost and low-maintenance, replicable rainwater harvesting technology. They provide a clean, local water supply for domestic and farming use and are suited to semi-arid areas of the world

Increases the recycling of water and nutrients, through the sustainable use of agricultural waste. Agricultural waste can also come from harvest and therefore transformed into biogas.

Women are often responsible for food processing and storage, collecting of water and firewood and for generating incomes for subsistence, managing available resources by using indigenous knowledge to secure food supplies for their households.

Improved water-saving technologies include sprinkler systems, micro and drip irrigation, flood irrigation andf urrow-basinirrigation. Small-scale irrigation is most successful when managed and controlled by farmers who have access to independent water sources, it is best suited for small-scale farmers seeking to optimize production by minimizing inputs and risks

Water saving technologies in domestic and commercial setting include low flow taps and showerheads, water efficient appliances, low water use machinery. Water efficient technologies help reduce consumptive water use during times of water shortages

Implementing water meters and water monitoring systems to measure the extraction of water from surface water and ground water resources. Aim is measure consumption of water which is the first step to recognising the value of the water resource and reducing consumption.

Develop and implement water conservation education into school curricula at priamry and secondary levels.

Put a price on water and create a market to turn water into a commodity with economic value

Expand water storages such as dams by raising height of dam walls, adding storage tanks to exisiting rainwater harvesting infrastructure.

Rain water harvesting is a technique for collection and storage of rain water in surface (storage tanks) or sub-surface aquifer before it is lost as surface runoff

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove pathogens (bacteria, viruses); agrochemicals, chloride, organic matter, industrial waste, chemicals, heavy metals, toxins, pesticides, minerals and particles from drinking water. An RO unit is a self-contained water treatment system.

Water tanks are installed to collect rainwater andincrease the efficiency of water use/reduce potable water use in toilet flushing and irrigation. These approaches place a major emphasis on the improvement of sanitation facilities, access to safe and sufficient water for drinking, food preparation, hand washing, laundering, use of flush toilets, toilet and other cleaning, and watering the school gardens.

A range of methods are used to test water quality, which may either be laboratory-based assessments or field test kits. Laboratory-based assessments are required when accurate detection of specific compounds must be completed. These analyses require expensive equipment at central laboratories. Field kit tests offer a useful alternative that provides onsite water monitoring. These kits are generally used for basic analysis such as water temperature, transparency and pH.

Fog harvesting refers to the collection of water from fog using large pieces of vertical canvas to make the fog droplets flow down towards a trough under the canvas, known as a fog fence

A solar-powered pump runs on electricity generated by photovoltaic panels or the radiated thermal energy available from collected sunlight as opposed to grid electricity or diesel run water pumps

Modernisation and improvement in water supply infrastructure to repair and replace aging infrasrtucture that is leaking and inefficient

Pump water back into depleted groundwater reserves or use natural recharge processes. Can be done using treated wastewater